What it is
An interbody fusion in which the decompression and disc preparation are performed under endoscopic visualisation, with the cage and percutaneous screws placed through small incisions.
Who it is for
Single-level degenerative spondylolisthesis or foraminal stenosis requiring stabilization, in patients whose anatomy suits endoscopic access. It is not appropriate for multi-level deformity correction, high-grade slips, or cases needing significant realignment.
How it works
An endoscopic corridor is established to the foramen or the interlaminar space. Decompression is performed under magnified vision. The disc is removed and the endplates prepared through the working channel — the step that determines whether the fusion takes. A cage with graft is introduced and pedicle screws are placed percutaneously under X-ray guidance.
Recovery
Usually one night in hospital. Early mobilization, with less immediate back pain than open fusion. Return to desk work commonly three to six weeks. Fusion consolidates over three to six months regardless of how it was performed.
Risks and alternatives
Incomplete decompression, dural tear, nerve injury, cage malposition or settling, failure of fusion, longer operating time, and conversion to a tubular or open approach. Alternatives are MIS TLIF, open fusion, lateral interbody fusion, or decompression alone.